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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Secret
Of The Templars Series + Bonus Title MP4 Video Download DVD
February 7: Rose Day: -- Marks the beginning of Valentine's week. On this romantic day, roses are gifted to that special someone to celebrate love and affection. It is believed that Victorians began the practice of exchanging roses with their loved ones to communicate unspoken feelings. On Rose Day, you can give your loved ones red, pink, yellow, orange, white, lavender, and blue roses. Every rose signifies a different emotion. You can also celebrate Rose Day by wearing any of these colors, planting a rose plant, or even buying a piece of jewelry in rose gold. When it comes to how Rose Day began, little information is known. There's no way of knowing who came up with the idea to celebrate the day, but we know why we celebrate it. Rose Day forms part of the celebrations of Valentine's week. However, the history behind the red rose is long and interesting. The earliest records of rose cultivation date back almost 5,000 years, and indicate that the flower was first cultivated in the Far East. Rose cultivation started in China but soon they were also being cultivated in Rome and Greece. It is thought that roses were seen as a luxurious plant and were distributed among the rich who would then give them to artists to inspire them. Eventually, roses also found their way into the medicine of the time. Roses went from being the symbols of hope, peace, and love to a symbol of war. In England during the 15th century, roses were used to represent their army. Even though the rose had a bloody history, it is celebrated as a flower representing love and companionship today. Even though the world is obsessed with automation, technology, and being online, days that celebrate romance will always hold a special place in the hearts of all. Whether it's Valentine's Day or Rose Day, you should try to make things as special and wonderful as you can for your loved ones - and a rose is the perfect way to communicate your deepest feelings. Roses really are an international symbol of love. It doesn't matter where in the world you may be, if you present a loved one with a rose, you are conveying a message of love. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT! https://store.earthstation1.com/seofteseboti.html |
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Bolshoi Ballet 2 Part TV Series DVD, Video Download, USB Drive
February 7: National Ballet Day: -- We
can't wait to celebrate this elegant and theatrical dance form
holiday! When the ethereal outfits, passionate dancers, and
classical music come together, it uplifts the spirit like no other
form of artistic expression. The grace in ballet is undeniable and
we tend to forget the unbelievable athleticism and strength needed
to achieve that. Female ballerinas can carry three times their
body weight while dancing on the tip of their big toe. Male
ballerinas are capable of lifting one and a half tons during a
single performance. These are just one of several reasons why
ballet leaves us starstruck so let's tip our hats this Ballet Day.
Great art transcends time and space. As one of the most
recognizable dance forms in the world, ballet is a testament to
this. Its splendor has evolved through the ages and continues to
reinvent itself even today. Ballet began in Italy and France
during the 15th century. It was popular among the nobility and was
typically a part of extravagant events in palaces or mansions.
Ballet was common during royal weddings or at the birthday
celebrations of powerful people. In the 1400s, ballet became a
coveted social event - an indicator of refinement and social
status. However, It was a different kind of ballet at the time
where dancers went from one elegant pose to another but on a flat
foot. Around this time, the element of pageantry became an
integral part of ballet and women wore tight corsets and huge
wigs. Men instead, wore tights and lightweight clothing to enable
better movement. With King Louis XIV's reign, ballet would reach
new heights of artistic achievement. A dedicated patron of the art
form, he opened the Academie Royale de Danse, or the first ballet
school in 1661. Ballet movements became technical during the
Romantic period where the fluidity of movement took precedence
over other aspects. In 1832, the world of ballet would change
definitively. It was a year when Marie Taglioni first performed
"La Sylphide en pointe" and danced on the tips of the
toes. Although she is the first recognized en pointe dancer, many
believe that other performers had already been dancing this way
for some time. By the 1960s, the stunning en pointe style took the
ballet world by storm, and so, it remained. Ballet is one of the
most celebrated and respected dance forms in the world today.
People everywhere love it for its poise and drama. If you haven't
already, experience the magic of ballet first-hand on Ballet Day.
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: In The
Suburbs: Life In Suburbia Films DVD, Video Download, USB Drive
February 7: Wave All Your Fingers At Your
Neighbor Day: -- This holiday serves to encourage friendship
between neighbors. Waving is a universal gesture. It is a good way
to get someone's attention and start a conversation. A friendly
wave is an easy way to show love, respect, and appreciation. A
small wave can make a person feel seen and appreciated. Wave All
Your Fingers At Your Neighbor Day is a holiday that fosters love
and friendship. It helps to encourage more people to show love to
the people around them. Waving is a nonverbal gesture of
communication. It is a way of greeting understood around the
world. The purpose of waving can be to acknowledge another's
presence, to say goodbye, to call for silence, or deny someone.
The origin of waving can be dated as far back as the 18th century.
Waving at that time was a way of saluting. Knights would show they
come in peace by revealing their identities and saluting. The wave
of the hand was also a way to show they were not holding weapons.
European armies formalized the action of saluting in the 1780s. It
became a proper way of addressing people in a military setting.
Waving a handkerchief was a way to show approval or excitement. It
was also a way to call attention to the deaf. There are different
types of waves. There is the standard side-to-side wave, arm wave,
palm wide wave, finger wiggle wave, 'flirtatious' wave,
open-and-close finger wave, and the Miss America wave, to name a
few. You can do any of these on Wave All Your Fingers At Your
Neighbor Day. Have fun showing love and appreciation to the people
around you by waving. You may be surprised how much the simple
gesture of waving can brighten someone's day. On Sale @ 15% Off
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: British
Public Information & Propaganda Films DVD, Download, USB Drive
February 7, 1783: The Age Of
Enlightenment (The Enlightenment, The Age Of Reason): The Age Of
Revolution: The Atlantic Revolutions: The American Enlightenment:
The American Revolution: The American Revolutionary War: The Great
Siege Of Gibraltar (June 24, 1779 - February 7, 1783): -- The
largest battle of The American Revolutionary War by number of
combatants, and the longest siege endured by the British Armed
Forces at three years, seven months and twelve days in duration,
ends in a decisive victory for the British. The siege was a factor
in ending the American Revolutionary War - the Peace Of Paris
negotiations were reliant on news from the siege, particularly at
its climax. On September 13, 1782, Spanish and French forces
launched their "Grand Assault" to capture Gibraltar. It
was a hard-fought but unsuccessful attempt by Spain and France to
capture Gibraltar from the British during the American
Revolutionary War. On June 16, 1779, Spain entered The American
Revolutionary War as a co-belligerent on the side of both France
and The United States in order to take back from the British their
base at Gibraltar at the southern tip of the Spanish Iberian
Peninsula on the Bay of Gibraltar. The vulnerable Gibraltar
garrison under George Augustus Eliott was blockaded from June 1779
to February 1783, initially by the Spanish alone, led by Martin
Alvarez de Sotomayor. The blockade proved to be a failure because
two relief convoys entered unmolested-the first under Admiral
George Rodney in 1780 and the second under Admiral George Darby in
1781-despite the presence of the Spanish fleets. The same year, a
major assault was planned by the Spanish, but the Gibraltar
garrison sortied in November and destroyed much of the forward
batteries. After the Spanish consistently failed to either defeat
the garrison or prevent the arrival of relief efforts, the
besiegers were reinforced by French forces under de Crillon, who
took over command in early 1782. After a lull in the siege, during
which the Franco-Spanish besiegers gathered more guns, ships, and
troops, a "Grand Assault" was launched on 13 September
1782. This involved huge numbers-60,000 men, 49 ships of the line
and 10 specially designed, newly invented floating
batteries-against the 5,000 defenders. The assault proved to be a
disastrous and humiliating failure, resulting in heavy losses for
the Bourbon attackers. This was the largest action fought during
the war in terms of numbers. The final sign of defeat for the
allies came when a crucial British relief convoy under Admiral
Richard Howe slipped through the blockading fleet and arrived at
the garrison in October 1782. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Sold Down
The River: Black Freedom Lost After Civil War DVD, MP4, USB
February 7, 2013: The Constitution Of The
United States: The Reconstruction Amendments: Slavery In The
United States: The End Of Slavery In The United States: The
Thirteenth Amendment To The United States Constitution (Amendment
XIII): -- Mississippi officially certifies, 148 years after it was
enacted, the Thirteenth Amendment which abolished slavery,
becoming the last state to approve the abolition of slavery. The
Thirteenth Amendment was formally ratified by Mississippi in 1995,
130 years after it was enacted. On February 1, 1865, now annually
celebrated as Black History Day (National Freedom Day), President
Abraham Lincoln signed and thereby enacted the Thirteenth
Amendment to the United States Constitution abolishing slavery and
involuntary servitude, except as punishment for a crime. It was
the first of the three Reconstruction Amendments adopted following
the American Civil War. In Congress, it was passed by the Senate
on April 8, 1864, and by the House on January 31, 1865. The
amendment was ratified by the required number of states on
December 6, 1865. On December 18, 1865, Secretary Of State William
H. Seward proclaimed its adoption. National Freedom Day, the
celebration of the enactment of the Thirteenth Amendment, was
founded by Richard R. Wright, a former slave, U.S. Army Major,
educator, college president, politician, civil rights advocate and
banking entrepreneur. In 1941, Richard Robert Wright, Sr. invited
national and local leaders to meet in Philadelphia to formulate
plans to set aside February 1 each year to memorialize the
February 1, 1865 signing of the 13th Amendment. At that meeting,
they accordingly formed the National Freedom Day Association. One
year after Wright's death in 1947, both houses of the U.S.
Congress passed a bill to make February 1 National Freedom Day.
The holiday proclamation was signed into law on June 30, 1948, by
President Harry Truman as the first official annual National
Freedom Day. It was the forerunner to Black History Day and later
Black History Month, officially recognized in 1976, though began
by Carter G. Woodson in 1926. To observe National Freedom Day,
reflect on the freedoms found in the United States; attend a
National Freedom Day ceremony; read about or watch a documentary
about the 13th Amendment; visit an art gallery or museum
displaying pieces inspired by the 13th Amendment; attend a forum
or lecture to discuss the 13th Amendment and its impact, then and
now; read the 13th Amendment in its entirety; teach someone about
the 13th Amendment; write about or discuss the 13th Amendment in a
social media post, broadcast, or article; use #NationalFreedomDay
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: NBC
University Theater Of The Air Literature Radio Series MP3 DVD USB
February 7, 1812: #BOTD: #HBD! Charles
Dickens, English writer and social critic (d. June 9, 1870) is
#born Charles John Huffam Dickens at 1 Mile End Terrace (now 393
Commercial Road), Landport in Portsea Island (Portsmouth),
Hampshire, England. Charles Dickens created some of the world's
best-known fictional characters and is regarded by many as the
greatest novelist of the Victorian era. His works enjoyed
unprecedented popularity during his lifetime, and by the 20th
century critics and scholars had recognised him as a literary
genius. His novels and short stories enjoy lasting popularity.
Dickens left school to work in a factory when his father was
incarcerated in a debtors' prison. Despite his lack of formal
education, he edited a weekly journal for 20 years, wrote 15
novels, five novellas, hundreds of short stories and non-fiction
articles, lectured and performed readings extensively, was an
indefatigable letter writer, and campaigned vigorously for
children's rights, education, and other social reforms. Dickens's
literary success began with the 1836 serial publication of The
Pickwick Papers. Within a few years he had become an international
literary celebrity, famous for his humour, satire, and keen
observation of character and society. His novels, most published
in monthly or weekly instalments, pioneered the serial publication
of narrative fiction, which became the dominant Victorian mode for
novel publication. Cliffhanger endings in his serial publications
kept readers in suspense. The instalment format allowed Dickens to
evaluate his audience's reaction, and he often modified his plot
and character development based on such feedback. For example,
when his wife's chiropodist expressed distress at the way Miss
Mowcher in David Copperfield seemed to reflect her disabilities,
Dickens improved the character with positive features. His plots
were carefully constructed, and he often wove elements from
topical events into his narratives. Masses of the illiterate poor
chipped in ha'pennies to have each new monthly episode read to
them, opening up and inspiring a new class of readers. His 1843
novella, A Christmas Carol, remains popular and continues to
inspire adaptations in every artistic genre. Oliver Twist and
Great Expectations are also frequently adapted, and, like many of
his novels, evoke images of early Victorian London. His 1859
novel, A Tale of Two Cities, set in London and Paris, is his
best-known work of historical fiction. Dickens has been praised by
fellow writers from Leo Tolstoy to George Orwell and G. K.
Chesterton for his realism, comedy, prose style, unique
characterisations, and social criticism. On the other hand, Oscar
Wilde, Henry James, and Virginia Woolf complained of a lack of
psychological depth, loose writing, and a vein of saccharine
sentimentalism. The term Dickensian is used to describe something
that is reminiscent of Dickens and his writings, such as poor
social conditions or comically repulsive characters. Charles
Dickens died aged 58 at his Gads Hill Place home in Higham, Kent,
England of a stroke suffered the day before, after a full day's
work on his unfinished novel Edwin Drood. Biographer Claire
Tomalin has suggested Dickens was actually in Peckham when he had
had the stroke and his mistress Ellen Ternan and her maids had him
taken back to Gads Hill so that the public would not know the
truth about their relationship. Contrary to his wish to be buried
at Rochester Cathedral "in an inexpensive, unostentatious,
and strictly private manner", he was laid to rest in the
Poets' Corner of Westminster Abbey. A printed epitaph circulated
at the time of the funeral reads: "To the Memory of Charles
Dickens (England's most popular author) who died at his residence,
Higham, near Rochester, Kent, aged 58 years. He was a sympathiser
with the poor, the suffering, and the oppressed; and by his death,
one of England's greatest writers is lost to the world." On
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Compleat Beatles Documentary Film DVD, MP4 Download, Flash Drive
February 7, 1964: Aesthetics: The
Performing Arts: Music: Music History: The History Of Rock And
Roll (Rock & Roll, Rock-N-Roll, Rock 'N' Roll, Rock 'N Roll,
Rock N' Roll): British Rock And Roll (British Rock & Roll,
British Rock-N-Roll, British Rock 'N' Roll, British Rock 'N Roll,
British Rock N' Roll): The Swinging Sixties: Music Of The United
Kingdom: Rock And Roll (Rock & Roll, Rock-N-Roll, Rock 'N'
Roll, Rock 'N Roll, Rock N' Roll): Concerts: British Rock (Beat
Music, British Beat, Merseybeat): The Swinging Sixties: Music Of
The United Kingdom: Rock And Roll (Rock & Roll, Rock-N-Roll,
Rock 'N' Roll, Rock 'N Roll, Rock N' Roll): The British Invasion:
Concerts: The Beatles: Beatlemania: -- The Beatles first arrive in
the United States when their plane lands to thousands of screaming
fans at New York City's JFK International Airport. #TheBeatles
#Beatlemania #NewYorkCity #NYC #JFKInternationalAirport
#JohnFKennedyInternationalAirport #KennedyAirport #Rock #RockMusic
#BritishRock #BritishInvasion #Music #Pop #PopMusic #MP4
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The
History Of Jazz A Video Retrospective DVD, MP4 Download, USB Drive
February 7, 1964: Aesthetics: The
Performing Arts: Music: Music History: The History Of Rock And
Roll (Rock & Roll, Rock-N-Roll, Rock 'N' Roll, Rock 'N Roll,
Rock N' Roll): British Rock And Roll (British Rock & Roll,
British Rock-N-Roll, British Rock 'N' Roll, British Rock 'N Roll,
British Rock N' Roll): The Swinging Sixties: Music Of The United
Kingdom: Rock And Roll (Rock & Roll, Rock-N-Roll, Rock 'N'
Roll, Rock 'N Roll, Rock N' Roll): Concerts: British Rock (Beat
Music, British Beat, Merseybeat): The Swinging Sixties: Music Of
The United Kingdom: Rock And Roll (Rock & Roll, Rock-N-Roll,
Rock 'N' Roll, Rock 'N Roll, Rock N' Roll): The British Invasion:
Concerts: The Beatles: Beatlemania: -- The Beatles first arrive in
the United States when their plane lands to thousands of screaming
fans at New York City's JFK International Airport. #TheBeatles
#Beatlemania #NewYorkCity #NYC #JFKInternationalAirport
#JohnFKennedyInternationalAirport #KennedyAirport #Rock #RockMusic
#BritishRock #BritishInvasion #Music #Pop #PopMusic #MP4
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: American
Business Films Of The 20th Century MP4 Video Download DVD
February 7, 1920: #BOTD: #HBD! Oscar
Brand, Canadian-born American folk singer, songwriter, guitarist
and author (d. September 30, 2016) is #born to a Jewish family in
Winnipeg, Manitoba, Canada. In a career spanning 70 years, he
composed at least 300 songs and released nearly 100 albums, among
them Canadian and American patriotic songs. Brand's music ran the
gamut from novelty songs to serious social commentary and spanned
a number of genres. Brand's father was a Romanian-born flooring
contractor, Isidore Brand. His mother was named Beatrice. In 1927,
the family moved to Minneapolis, then to Chicago and ultimately to
New York City. As a young man, Oscar lived in Borough Park,
Brooklyn and graduated from Erasmus Hall High School and later
from Brooklyn College with a BS in psychology. In his long career
he played alongside such legends of folk music as Lead Belly,
Woody Guthrie, Josh White, Jean Ritchie, the Weavers and Pete
Seeger. He wrote various books on the folk song and folk song
collections, including The Ballad Mongers: Rise of the American
Folk Song, Songs Of '76: A Folksinger's History Of The Revolution
and Bawdy Songs & Backroom Ballads, the latter comprising four
volumes. Brand was known for composing catchy and themed folk
songs, including the eponymous theme to his initially CTV and then
CBC television show Let's Sing Out and the Canadian patriotic song
"Something to Sing About" (actual title: "This Land
of Ours"), which is one of Canada's national songs. He was
also a frequent performer at the Mariposa Folk Festival during
this period, including performances in 1962, 1968, 1969, and
1987,[4] as well as the 50th anniversary in 2010. He collaborated
on a number of musicals, most notably The Education of H*Y*M*A*N
K*A*P*L*A*N (a musical version of Leo Rosten's stories about the
fictional Jewish character Hyman Kaplan), How to Steal an
Election, and A Joyful Noise. He hosted the radio show Oscar
Brand's Folksong Festival on Saturdays at 10:00 p.m. on WNYC-AM
820 in New York City, which ran into its 70th year. The show ran
more or less continuously since its debut on December 10, 1945,
making it the longest-running radio show with the same host,
according to the Guinness Book of World Records. Over its run it
introduced such talents to the world as Bob Dylan, Joan Baez,
Woody Guthrie, Arlo Guthrie, Huddie Ledbetter, Joni Mitchell,
Peter, Paul & Mary, Judy Collins, the Kingston Trio, Pete
Seeger and the Weavers. In order to make sure that his radio
program could not be censored he refused to be paid by WNYC for
the next 70 years. He wrote the lyrics to the song "A Guy is
a Guy" (1952), which became a hit for Doris Day. He also
wrote the English lyrics to the song "Shlub-a-Dubba-Dub"
(1961) which became a minor hit for Mitch Miller. He contributed
stories and songs for the "Young People's Records"
label, including "Noah's Ark". He was a friend of the
folksinger Jean Ritchie for many years. They recorded several
duets together, including the British song "Keys to
Canterbury". Although Brand was anti-Stalinist and was never
a member of any Communist party, the House Committee on
Un-American Activities referred to his show as a "pipeline of
communism", because of his belief in the rights under the
First Amendment of blacklisted artists to have a platform to reach
the public. Accordingly, in June 1950, Brand was named in the
premier issue of Red Channels as a Communist sympathizer, along
with Paul Robeson, Josh White and Pete Seeger. While Brand was not
as well-known or radical an activist as some of his
contemporaries, he was a long-standing supporter of civil rights.
He told stories of buying food for Leadbelly when the two traveled
together in segregated areas, and participated in the 1965 Selma
to Montgomery marches. Brand was one of the original organizers of
the Newport Folk Festival which began in 1959. In the early 1960s,
Brand brought his substantial connections in the worldwide folk
music community home to his native Canada with his CTV and then
CBC television program Let's Sing Out. The program was staged at
and broadcast from university campuses across Canada and both
revived the careers of long-forgotten pioneers of the folk music
movement such as Malvina Reynolds, the Womenfolk, The Weavers and
others and introduced then-unknown Canadian singers such as Joni
Mitchell and Gordon Lightfoot. His score for the 1968 Off-Broadway
show, How to Steal An Election sent up the current belief that
charisma would help a candidate win. Songs included "Charisma"
(sung by Calvin Coolidge) and "Down Among the Grassroots".
The album cover was decorated with election buttons including the
1968 Nixon campaign. He also wrote television commercial jingles,
the most famous being the classic "I Wish I Was An Oscar
Mayer Weiner", which was used in tv commercials from the mid
1960s to the mid 1990s. Brand also served during the 1960s as a
board member of the Children's Television Workshop and
participated in the development of Sesame Street. Because of some
mild disagreements that had occurred between Brand and the board
members regarding the appropriate setting for the show, it has
been reputed that as a playful joke, the character of Oscar the
Grouch was named after him, although there are dueling tales as to
the origin of the character. In May 1976, Brand appeared in
Madison Square Garden's Felt Forum at the memorial celebration for
Phil Ochs, performing Ochs' "Love Me I'm A Liberal" with
updated lyrics. Brand was given the Peabody Award for broadcast
excellence in 1982 for his broadcast The Sunday Show on National
Public Radio, and was awarded the Personal Peabody Award in 1995
(shared with Oprah Winfrey). Brand authored a number of short
stories, including 1) "The Miser's Gold", about two
young brothers who dare each other to spend the night in an
allegedly haunted house - only to discover that "allegedly"
is inapplicable. The boys encounter the ghost of a wealthy but
lonely man; greatly amused by their reasons for being there, he
names them as heirs to his considerable fortune; and 2) "The
Hitchhiker", about a young man who, on his way home from a
party, picks up a beautiful young woman who turns out to be much
more than she seems. Dramatic readings of these stories were
issued as cut-out cardboard records on the back of Honeycomb
cereal boxes. On January 18, 2010, WoodSongs Old-Time Radio Hour
celebrated Brand's upcoming 90th birthday and the 65th anniversary
of his radio career before an audience from Lexington, Kentucky,
where host Michael Johnathan and guest Josh White, Jr. performed
with Brand and talked with him about his life. On February 7,
2010, CBC Radio's Sunday Edition celebrated Brand's life on the
occasion of his 90th birthday. Brand died of pneumonia on
September 30, 2016, at the age of 96. His burial details are not
publicly disclosed. On June 25, 2019, The New York Times Magazine
listed Brand among hundreds of artists whose material was
reportedly destroyed in the 2008 Universal fire. #OscarBrand
#Singers #Songwriters #Guitarists #RadioHosts #SocialActivists
#CivilRightsActivists #Liberals #Jews #GreatGuys #OscarTheGrouch
#OscarBrandsFolksongFestival #WNYC #WNYCAM #LetsSingOut #CTV #CBC
#HUAC #RedScare #SecondRedScare #RedChannels #Leadbelly
#SelmaToMontgomeryMarches #NewportFolkFestival #PeteSeeger
#BobDylan #WoodyGuthrie #JoshWhite #JeanRitchie #TheWeavers
#PeteSeeger #MalvinaReynolds #TheWomenfolk #JoniMitchell
#GordonLightfoot #CTW #SesameStreet #PhilOchs #TheSundayShow
#NationalPublicRadio #NPR #HoneycombCereal
#2008UniversalStudiosFire #FolkMusic #CountryMusic #PatrioticMusic
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Portland Vase Greatest Ancient Glass Artifact Restoration MP4 DVD
February 7, 1845: Rome: Ancient Rome: The
Roman Empire: Ancient Roman Glassware: The Portland Vase: -- The
Portland Vase, a Roman cameo glass vase dated to approximately AD
1-AD 25 that is the best known piece of Roman cameo glass and
served as an inspiration to glass and porcelain makers from the
18th century onwards, is shattered by William Lloyd at 3:45 PM
when, after drinking all the previous week, he threw a nearby
sculpture on top of the case, smashing both it and the vase. He
was arrested and charged with the crime of willful damage. When
his lawyer pointed out an error in the wording of the act which
seemed to limit its application to the destruction of objects
worth no more than five pounds, he was convicted instead of the
destruction of the glass case in which the vase had sat. He was
ordered to pay a fine of three pounds (approximately 350 pounds
equivalent in 2017 or spend two months in prison. He remained in
prison until an anonymous benefactor paid the fine by mail. The
name William Lloyd is thought to be a pseudonym. Investigators
hired by the British Museum concluded that he was actually William
Mulcahy, a student who had gone missing from Trinity College.
Detectives reported that the Mulcahy family was impoverished. The
owner of the vase declined to bring a civil action against William
Mulcahy because he did not want his family to suffer for "an
act of folly or madness which they could not control". The
vase was pieced together with fair success in 1845 by British
Museum restorer John Doubleday, though he was unable to replace
thirty-seven small fragments. #PortlandVase #CameoGlass
#AncientRomanGlassware #Tragedies #RomanEmpireCameos
#VandalizedWorksOfArt #BritishMuseum #BarberiniCollection
#GlassWorksOfArt #AncientRome #WilliamLloyd #WilliamMulcahy #MP4
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Buck
Rogers 1939 All 12 Episodes Buster Crabbe DVD, MP4, USB Stick
February 7, 1908: #BOTD: #HBD! Buster
Crabbe, American two-time Olympic swimmer and movie actor (d.
April 23, 1983) is #born Clarence Linden Crabbe II in Oakland,
California. He won the 1932 Olympic gold medal for 400-meter
freestyle swimming event, which launched his career onto the
silver screen. He starred in a number of popular films in the
1930s and 1940s. He also played the title role in the serials
Tarzan the Fearless, Flash Gordon and Buck Rogers. Crabbe is the
only actor to play Tarzan, Flash Gordon and Buck Rogers - the top
three syndicated comic strip heroes of the 1930s. Buster Crabbe
died of a heart attack at his home in Scottsdale, Arizona, aged
75. He is interred at Green Acres Memorial Park in Scottsdale. On
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Sinclair
Lewis: The Man From Main Street + Bonus Titles DVD, MP4, USB
February 7, 1885: #BOTD: #HBD! Sinclair
Lewis, American author, social critic, novelist and playwright (d.
January 10, 1951) is #born Harry Sinclair Lewis in Sauk Center,
Minnesota. Harry Sinclair Lewis' works include Main Street,
Babbit, and It Can't Happen Here. In 1930, he became the first
writer from the United States (and the first from the Americas) to
receive the Nobel Prize in Literature, which was awarded "for
his vigorous and graphic art of description and his ability to
create, with wit and humor, new types of characters." His
works are known for their critical views of American capitalism
and materialism between the wars. He is also respected for his
strong characterizations of modern working women. H. L. Mencken
wrote of him, "[If] there was ever a novelist among us with
an authentic call to the trade ... it is this red-haired tornado
from the Minnesota wilds." He has been honored by the U.S.
Postal Service with a postage stamp in the Great Americans series.
Sinclair Lewis died of a heart attack in Rome, Italy aged 65. He
is buried at Greenwood Cemetery in Sauk Centre, Minnesota, the
town where he had been born Harry Sinclair Lewis. #SinclairLewis
#Authors #Critics #Novelists #Playwrights #Writers #NobelPrize
#NobelPrizeLaureates #NobelPrize #NobelPrizeLaureatesInLiterature
#MainStreet #Babbit #ItCantHappenHere #AmericanLiterature #MP4
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The
Longest Hatred: Antisemitism & Jewish Persecution DVD, MP4,
USB
February 7, 1898: Discrimination: Jewish
History: France: The History Of France: Fin De Siecle:
Antisemitism: The Dreyfus Affair (French: Affaire Dreyfus):
J'accuse...! (French: "I accuse...!"): The Trial Of
Emile Zola: -- Emile Zola is brought to trial for libel for
publishing "J'accuse...!". "J'accuse...!" ("I
accuse...!") was an open letter written by Zola published on
13 January 1898 in the newspaper L'Aurore. Emile Edouard Charles
Antoine Zola was a French novelist, playwright, journalist, the
best-known practitioner of the literary school of naturalism, and
an important contributor to the development of theatrical
naturalism. He was a major figure in the political liberalization
of France and was nominated for the first and second Nobel Prize
in Literature in 1901 and 1902. In his letter "J'accuse...!",
Zola addressed President of France Felix Faure and accused the
government of anti-Semitism and the unlawful jailing of Alfred
Dreyfus, a French Army General Staff officer who was sentenced to
lifelong penal servitude for espionage. Zola pointed out judicial
errors and lack of serious evidence. The letter was printed on the
front page of the newspaper and caused a stir in France and
abroad. Zola was prosecuted for libel and found guilty on 23
February 1898. He was sentenced to jail and was removed from the
Legion d'honneur, the highest French order of merit for military
and civil merits. To avoid jail time, Zola fled to England, and
stayed there until the French Government collapsed in 1899 as a
result of the sudden death of French President Faure from an
apoplectic seizure in the Elysee Palace on 16 February 1899, while
engaged in sexual activities in his office with 30-year-old
Marguerite Steinheil, a French woman famous for her many love
affairs with important men who was later charged with the murder
of her husband and mother. Zola continued to defend Dreyfus after
his return to France. Four years after this famous letter to the
president, Zola died from carbon monoxide poisoning caused by a
blocked chimney. On 4 June 1908, Zola's remains were laid to rest
in the Pantheon in Paris. As a result of the popularity of the
letter, even in the English-speaking world, J'accuse! has become a
common generic expression of outrage and accusation against
someone powerful. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight PT!
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Battle
Of Guadalcanal DVD MP4 Download USB Flash Drive
February 7, 1943: World War II: The
Pacific War (The Asia-Pacific War, The Asiatic-Pacific Theater,
The Pacific Theater Of World War II): The Pacific Ocean Theater Of
World War II: The South West Pacific Area (SWPA): Operation
Cartwheel: The Solomon Islands Campaign: The Battle Of Guadalcanal
(The Guadalcanal Campaign, Operation Watchtower): Operation Ke: --
Imperial Japanese Navy forces complete the evacuation of Imperial
Japanese Army troops from Guadalcanal during Operation Ke, the
largely successful operation to evacuate its forces from
Guadalcanal that ended Japanese attempts to retake the island from
Allied forces in the Guadalcanal Campaign. This concluded the
Guadalcanal Campaign of World War II. The operation took place
between January 14 and February 7, 1943, and involved both army
and navy forces under the overall direction of the Japanese
Imperial General Headquarters (IGH). Commanders of the operation
included Isoroku Yamamoto and Hitoshi Imamura. The Japanese
decided to withdraw and concede Guadalcanal to Allied forces for
several reasons. All previous attempts by the Japanese army to
recapture Henderson Field, the airfield on Guadalcanal in use by
Allied aircraft, had been repulsed with heavy losses. Japanese
ground forces on the island had been reduced from 36,000 to 11,000
through starvation, disease, and battle casualties. Japanese naval
forces in the area were also suffering heavy losses attempting to
reinforce and resupply the ground forces on the island. These
losses, plus the projected resources needed for further attempts
to recapture Guadalcanal, were affecting strategic security and
operations in other areas of the Japanese Empire. The decision to
withdraw was endorsed by Emperor Hirohito on 31 December 1942. The
operation began on January 14 1943 with the delivery of a
battalion of infantry troops to Guadalcanal to act as rearguard
for the evacuation. Around the same time, Japanese army and navy
air forces began an air superiority campaign around the Solomon
Islands and New Guinea. During the air campaign, a US cruiser was
sunk in the Battle of Rennell Island. Two days later, Japanese
aircraft sank a US destroyer near Guadalcanal. The actual
withdrawal was carried out on the nights of February 1, 4, and 7
by destroyers. At a cost of one destroyer sunk and three damaged,
the Japanese evacuated 10,652 men from Guadalcanal. 600 of those
died during the evacuation, and 3,000 more required extensive
hospital care. On February 9, Allied forces realized that the
Japanese were gone and declared Guadalcanal secure, ending the
six-month campaign for control of the island. #OperationKe
#GuadalcanalCampaign #Guadalcanal #BattleOfGuadalcanal #PacificWar
#AsiaPacificWar #PacificOceanTheatreOfWWII
#PacificOceanTheaterOfWWII #SouthWestPacificTheatreOfWWII
#SouthWestPacificTheaterOfWWII #AsiaticPacificTheater #WorldWarII
#WWII #WW2 #WorldWarTwo #WorldWar2 #SecondWorldWar #MP4
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The War In
Korea 2 Part TV Series w/ Kirk Douglas DVD, MP4, USB Drive
February 7, 1951: Korea: The History Of
Korea: The Aftermath Of World War II: The Cold War: The Cold War
In Asia: The Korean Conflict: The Cold War (1947-1953): The Cold
War In Asia: The Korean War: War Crimes: Massacres Of The Korean
War: The Sancheong-Hamyang Massacre: -- 705 unarmed citizens
suspected of being communist sympathizers are massacred by a unit
of the South Korean Army 11th Division. The victims were civilians
and 85% of them were women, children and elderly people. The 11th
Division also conducted the Geochang massacre two days later. The
division's commanding general was Choe Deok-sin. On February 20,
2006, the National Archives of Korea reported that files
concerning the massacre had been found. On November 7, 2008, a
memorial park for the victims was established in Sancheong.
#KoreanWar #KoreanConflict #ColdWars #KoreanConflict #ColdWars
#SancheongHamyangMassacre #SouthKorea #Massacres #WarCrimes
#WarAtrocities #Atrocities#CrimesAgainstHumanity #MP4
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Stalin:
The Red Tsar TV Series + Soviet Assassins MP4 Download DVD Set
February 7, 1913: #BOTD: Ramon Mercader,
Spanish communist, journalist, Soviet NKVD secret agent, assassin
of Bolshevik revolutionary, Marxist theorist and Soviet politician
Leon Trotsky in Mexico City who was imprisoned in Mexico for 19
years and 8 months for his murder with an ice axe (d. October 18,
1978) is #born Jaime Ramon Mercader Del Rio in Argentona, Spain.
On August 20, 1940, Ramon Mercader fatally wounded he founder of
the particular strain of Marxist thought known as Trotskyism while
Trotsky was in exile in Mexico City. Mercader acted upon
instruction from Stalin and was nearly beaten to death by
Trotsky's bodyguards, and spent the next 20 years in a Mexican
prison for the murder. Stalin presented Mercader with an Order of
Lenin in absentia. Trotsky died the next day. After an ineffectual
attempt to have Trotsky murdered in March 1939, Stalin assigned
the overall organization of implementing the task to the NKVD
officer Pavel Sudoplatov, who in turn co-opted Nahum Eitingon.
According to Sudoplatov's Special Tasks, the NKVD proceeded to set
up three NKVD agent networks to carry out the murder, one of which
relied on Ramon Mercader. According to Sudoplatov, all three
networks were designed to operate entirely autonomously from the
NKVD's hitherto-established spy networks in the U.S. and Mexico.
On 24 May 1940, Trotsky survived a raid on his villa by armed
assassins led by the NKVD agent Iosif Grigulevich and Mexican
painter David Alfaro Siqueiros. Trotsky's 14-year-old grandson,
Vsevolod Platonovich "Esteban" Volkov (born March 7,
1926), was shot in the foot, and a young assistant and bodyguard
of Trotsky, Robert Sheldon Harte, was abducted and later murdered.
Trotsky's other guards fended off the attackers. Following the
failed assassination attempt, Trotsky wrote an article titled
"Stalin Seeks My Death" on 8 June 1940, in which he
states that another assassination attempt is certain. On 20 August
1940, Trotsky was attacked in his study by Mercader, who used an
ice axe as a weapon. The blow to his head was bungled and failed
to kill Trotsky instantly. Witnesses stated that Trotsky spat on
Mercader and began struggling fiercely with him, which resulted in
Mercader's hand being broken. Hearing the commotion, Trotsky's
bodyguards burst into the room and nearly killed Mercader, but
Trotsky stopped them, laboriously stating that the assassin should
be made to answer questions. Trotsky was then taken to a hospital,
operated on, and survived for more than a day, dying at the age of
60 on 21 August 1940 from exsanguination and shock. Mercader later
testified at his trial: " I laid my raincoat on the table in
such a way as to be able to remove the ice axe which was in the
pocket. I decided not to miss the wonderful opportunity that
presented itself. The moment Trotsky began reading the article, he
gave me my chance; I took out the ice axe from the raincoat,
gripped it in my hand and, with my eyes closed, dealt him a
terrible blow on the head. According to James P. Cannon, the
secretary of the Socialist Workers Party (USA), Trotsky's last
words were "I will not survive this attack. Stalin has
finally accomplished the task he attempted unsuccessfully before."
On May 6, 1960, Mercader was released from Mexico City's Palacio
de Lecumberri prison. He moved to Havana, Cuba, where Fidel
Castro's new socialist government welcomed him. In 1961, Mercader
moved to the Soviet Union, and subsequently was presented with the
country's highest decoration, The Hero Of The Soviet Union,
personally by Alexander Shelepin, the head of the KGB. He was
awarded The Order Of Lenin medal as well. He divided his time
among Czechoslovakia, from where he traveled to different
countries, Cuba, where he was the advisor of the Foreign Affairs
Ministry, and the Soviet Union for the rest of his life. He
married a Mexican named Rogalia in prison after 1940 and had two
children. Ramon Mercader died in Havana, Cuba of lung cancer, aged
65. He is buried under the name Ramon Ivanovich Lopez in Kuntsevo
Cemetery in Moscow, Soviet Untion. His brother Luis Mercader is
buried in the same grave. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: The Second
Russian Revolution TV Series DVD, Video Download, USB Drive
February 7, 1990: The Aftermath Of World
War II: The Cold War: The Cold War (1985-1991) (The End Of The
Cold War): The Dissolution Of The Soviet Union: -- The Central
Committee of the Soviet Communist Party, the administrative body
of the party analogous to a board of directors, agrees to give up
its monopoly on power over the Soviet Union. On December 26, 1991,
The Supreme Soviet Of The Soviet Union, the most authoritative
legislative body of the Union Of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR)
beginning 1936, and the only one with the power to approve
constitutional amendments, met for the last time and formally
dissolved the Soviet Union, after 69 years of the regime's
existance. The day prior, December 25, 1991, Ukraine officially
left the Soviet Union, on the same day that Mikhail Gorbachev
resigned as President of the Soviet Union The Dissolution Of The
Soviet Union (1988-1991) was the process of internal
disintegration within the USSR, which began with growing unrest in
its various constituent republics developing into an incessant
political and legislative conflict between the republics and the
central government, and ended when the leaders of three primal
republics (the Russian SFSR, the Ukrainian SSR and the
Byelorussian SSR) declared it no longer existed, later accompanied
by 11 more republics, resulting in President Mikhail Gorbachev
having to resign and what was left of the Soviet parliament
formally acknowledging what had already taken place.
#DissolutionOfTheSovietUnion #SecondRussianRevolution
#FallOfNations #AutumnOfNations #CentralCommittee
#SovietCommunistParty #Communism #ColdWar #SovietUnion
#SovietHistory #HistoryOfTheSovietUnion #USSR #USSRHistory
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Props And
Jets: Giants: History's Largest Aircraft MP4 Download Or DVD
February 7, 1906: #BOTD: #HBD! Oleg
Antonov, Russian engineer, Soviet aeroplane designer, founder of
the Antonov Design Bureau located in Kyiv, Ukraine (d. April 4,
1984) is #born Oleg Konstantinovich Antonov in Troitsa, Podolsky
Uyezd, Moscow Governorate, Russian Empire. Antonov designed a
number of Soviet aeroplanes, such as the Antonov An-2
mass-produced single-engine biplane utility/agricultural aircraft,
Antonov An-12 four-engined turboprop transport aircraft, the
Antonov An-124 Ruslan (the world's 2nd heaviest gross weight
production cargo airplane and heaviest operating cargo aircraft),
and was the inspiration behind the Antonov An-225 Mriya strategic
airlift cargo aircraft, the largest and heaviest aircraft ever
built, destroyed in a special operations attack by Russian forces
during the 2022 Russian Invasion Of Ukraine. He also designed and
built numerous gliders for both civilian and military use. Oleg
Antonov died aged 78 in Kyiv, Ukrainian SSR and is buried in
Kiev's Baikove Cemetery. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: China In
Revolution 1911-1949 TV Series DVD, Download, USB Flash Drive
February 7, 1906: #BOTD: Puyi of the
Manchu Aisin Gioro clan, commonly known as Pu Yi, the last Emperor
of China and the twelfth and final ruler of the Qing dynasty (d.
October 17, 1967) is #born Aisin Gioro Puyi at Prince Chun
Mansion, also known as the Northern Mansion, a large residence in
the siheyuan style with a lavish private garden located near the
Shichahai neighborhood in central Beijing, Qing dynasty. Puyi
became the Xuantong Emperor in China and Khevt Yos Khaan in
Mongolia in 1908 at the age of two, and ruled until his forced
abdication on February 12, 1912, after the successful Xinhai
Revolution, also known as the Chinese Revolution or the Revolution
of 1911. From July 1-12, 1917, he was briefly restored to the
throne as emperor by the warlord Zhang Xun. In 1932 after the
occupation of Manchuria, the state of Manchukuo was established by
Japan, and he was chosen to become 'Emperor' of the new state
using the era-name of Datong (Ta-tung). In 1934, he was declared
the Kangde Emperor (or Kang-te Emperor) of Manchukuo and ruled
until the end of the Second Sino-Japanese War in 1945. After the
People's Republic Of China was established in 1949, Puyi was
imprisoned as a war criminal for 10 years, wrote his memoirs and
became a titular member of the Chinese People's Political
Consultative Conference and the National People's Congress. Puyi
died in Peking of complications arising from kidney cancer and
heart disease at the age of 61. In accordance with the laws of the
People's Republic Of China at the time, Puyi's body was cremated.
His ashes were first placed at the Babaoshan Revolutionary
Cemetery, alongside those of other party and state dignitaries.
(This was the burial ground of imperial concubines and eunuchs
prior to the establishment of the People's Republic Of China.) In
1995, as a part of a commercial arrangement, Puyi's ashes were
transferred by his widow Li Shuxian to a new commercial cemetery
named Hualong Imperial Cemetery in return for monetary support.
The cemetery is near the Western Qing Tombs, 120 km (75 mi)
southwest of Peking, where four of the nine Qing emperors
preceding him are interred, along with three empresses and 69
princes, princesses, and imperial concubines. #AisinGioroPuyi
#AisinPuyi #Puyi #LastEmperor #LastEmperors #EmperorOfChina
#QingDynasty #XinhaiRevolution #ChineseRevolution
#RevolutionOf1911 #Manchuria #Manchukuo #Japan #JapaneseEmpire
#JapaneseCoprosperitySphere #Datong #Tatung #EmperorOfManchukuo
#KangdeEmperor #KangteEmperor #SecondSinoJapaneseWar #WorldWarII
#WWII #CulturalRevolution #ChineseHistory #ModernChineseHistory
#MP4 #VideoDownload #DVD On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till Midnight
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Castro's
Cuba: Two Views/Guantanamo DVD, MP4 Download, USB Flash Drive
February 7, 1962: The Aftermath Of World
War II: The Cold War: The Cold War (1953-1962): The Cuban Cold
War: The United States Embargo Against Cuba: -- The United States
bans all Cuban imports and exports. The United States embargo
against Cuba (in Cuba called el bloqueo, "the blockade")
is a commercial, economic, and financial embargo imposed by the
United States on Cuba. An embargo was first imposed by the United
States on sale of arms to Cuba on March 14, 1958, during the
Fulgencio Batista regime. Again on October 19, 1960 (almost two
years after the Batista regime was deposed by the Cuban
Revolution) the U.S. placed an embargo on exports to Cuba except
for food and medicine after Cuba nationalized American-owned Cuban
oil refineries without compensation. On February 7, 1962 the
embargo was extended to include almost all imports. Currently, the
Cuban embargo is enforced mainly through six statutes: the Trading
with the Enemy Act of 1917, the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961,
the Cuban Assets Control Regulations of 1963, the Cuban Democracy
Act of 1992, the Helms-Burton Act of 1996, and the Trade Sanctions
Reform and Export Enhancement Act of 2000. The stated purpose of
the Cuban Democracy Act of 1992 is to maintain sanctions on Cuba
so long as the Cuban government refuses to move toward
"democratization and greater respect for human rights".
The Helms-Burton Act further restricted United States citizens
from doing business in or with Cuba, and mandated restrictions on
giving public or private assistance to any successor government in
Havana unless and until certain claims against the Cuban
government were met. In 1999, President Bill Clinton expanded the
trade embargo by also disallowing foreign subsidiaries of U.S.
companies to trade with Cuba. In 2000, Clinton authorized the sale
of "humanitarian" U.S. products to Cuba. Beyond
criticisms of Human rights in Cuba, the United States holds 6B USD
worth of financial claims against the Cuban government. The
pro-embargo position is that the U.S. embargo is, in part, an
appropriate response to these unaddressed claims. The Latin
America Working Group argues that pro-embargo Cuban-American
exiles, whose votes are crucial in Florida, have swayed many
politicians to also adopt similar views. The Cuban-American views
have been opposed by some business leaders who argue that trading
freely would be good for Cuba and the United States. At present,
the embargo, which limits American businesses from conducting
business with Cuban interests, is still in effect and is the most
enduring trade embargo in modern history. Despite the existence of
the embargo, the United States is the fifth largest exporter to
Cuba (6.6% of Cuba's imports are from the US). Cuba must, however,
pay cash for all imports, as credit is not allowed. The UN General
Assembly has, since 1992, passed a resolution every year
condemning the ongoing impact of the embargo and declaring it to
be in violation of the Charter of the United Nations and
international law. In 2014, out of the 193-nation assembly, 188
countries voted for the nonbinding resolution, the United States
and Israel voted against and the Pacific island nations Palau,
Marshall Islands and Micronesia abstained. Human rights groups
including Amnesty International, Human Rights Watch, and the
Inter-American Commission on Human Rights have also been critical
of the embargo. Critics of the embargo say that the embargo laws
are too harsh, citing the fact that violations can result in up to
10 years in prison. Supporters of the embargo argue that, given
the occurances of such phenomenon as the unexplained illnesses
sustained by American diplomats stationed in Cuba after diplomatic
recognition was established, that the embargo serves to continue
putting pressure on the Cuban regime to change its behavior
towards the United States. On Sale @ 15% Off Discount Till
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: Haiti:
Killing The Dream 1991 Haitian Coup + Bonus MP4 Download DVD
February 7, 1991: Haiti: The Republic Of
Haiti: The Politics Of Haiti: The 1990-91 Haitian General Election
(December 16, 1990 - January 20, 1991): -- Haiti's first
democratically elected president, Jean-Bertrand Aristide, is sworn
in. Following the violence at the aborted national election of
1987, the 1990 election was approached with caution. Aristide
announced his candidacy for the presidency. Following a six-week
campaign, during which he dubbed his followers the "Front
National pour le Changement et la Democratie" (National Front
for Change and Democracy, or FNCD), Aristide was elected president
in 1990 with 67% of the vote in what is generally recognized as
the first honest election in Haitian history. However, just eight
months into his presidency he was overthrown by a bloody military
coup. He broke from FNCD and created the Struggling People's
Organization (OPL, Organisation Politique "Lavalas") -
"the flood" or "torrent" in Kreyol. The coup
d'etat overthrowing Aristide occurred on the 200-year anniversary
of Bois Caiman, a Vodou ceremony during which Haitians planned the
Haitian Revolution of 1791, which the Aristide government had
commemorated at the National Palace. A coup attempt against
Aristide had taken place on January 6, even before his
inauguration, when Roger Lafontant, a Tonton Macoute leader under
Duvalier, seized the provisional president Ertha Pascal-Trouillot
and declared himself president. After large numbers of Aristide
supporters filled the streets in protest and Lafontant attempted
to declare martial law, the army crushed the incipient coup.
During Aristide's short-lived first period in office, he attempted
to carry out substantial reforms, which brought passionate
opposition from Haiti's business and military elite. He sought to
bring the military under civilian control, retiring the commander
in chief of the army Herard Abraham, initiated investigations of
human rights violations, and brought to trial several Tontons
Macoute who had not fled the country. He also banned the
emigration of many well known Haitians until their bank accounts
had been examined. His relationship with the National Assembly
soon deteriorated, and he attempted repeatedly to bypass it on
judicial, Cabinet and ambassadorial appointments. His nomination
of his close friend and political ally, Rene Preval, as prime
minister, provoked severe criticism from political opponents
overlooked, and the National Assembly threatened a no-confidence
vote against Preval in August 1991. This led to a crowd of at
least 2000 at the National Palace, which threatened violence;
together with Aristide's failure to explicitly reject mob
violence, this permitted the junta, which would topple him, to
accuse him of human rights violations. In September 1991 the army
performed a coup against him (1991 Haitian coup d'etat), led by
army general Raoul Cedras, who had been promoted by Aristide in
June to commander in chief of the army. Aristide was deposed on
September 29, 1991, and after several days sent into exile, his
life only saved by the intervention of U.S., French and Venezuelan
diplomats. In accordance with the requirements of article 149 of
the Haitian Constitution, Superior Court justice Joseph Nerette
was installed as president provisoire to serve until elections
were held within 90 days of Aristide's resignation. However, real
power was held by army commander Raoul Cedras. High-ranking
members of the Haitian National Intelligence Service (SIN), which
had been set up and financed in the 1980s by the U.S. Central
Intelligence Agency (CIA) as part of the war on drugs, were
involved in the coup, and were reportedly still receiving funding
and training from the CIA for intelligence-gathering activities at
the time of the coup, but this funding reportedly ended after the
coup. The New York Times said that "No evidence suggests that
the C.I.A. backed the coup or intentionally undermined President
Aristide." However, press reports about possible CIA
involvement in Haitian politics before the coup sparked
congressional hearings in the United States. A campaign of terror
against Aristide supporters was started by Emmanuel Constant after
Aristide was forced out of power. In 1993, Constant, who had been
on the CIA's payroll as an informant since 1992, organized the
Front for the Advancement and Progress of Haiti (FRAPH), which
targeted and killed Aristide supporters. On Sale @ 15% Off
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Today's
EarthStation1.com 15% Off Commemorative Memorial Title: We
Remember: The Space Shuttle Pioneers 1981-1986 DVD, Download, USB
February 7, 1984: Outer Space Firsts:
Space Walks: The History Of Rocketry: The History Of Spaceflight:
The Aftermath Of World War II: The Cold War: The Space Age: The
Space Race: Space Programs Of The United States: Human Spaceflight
Programs: The Space Shuttle Program (The Space Transportation
System (STS)): Space Shuttle Mission STS-41-B: -- Astronauts Bruce
McCandless II and Robert L. Stewart make the first untethered
space walk using the Manned Maneuvering Unit (MMU), an astronaut
propulsion unit that was used by NASA on three Space Shuttle
missions in 1984. The MMU allowed the astronauts to perform
untethered EVA spacewalks at a distance from the shuttle. The MMU
was used in practice to retrieve a pair of faulty communications
satellites, Westar VI and Palapa B2. Following the third mission
the unit was retired from use. A smaller successor, the Simplified
Aid For EVA Rescue (SAFER), was first flown in 1994, and is
intended for emergency use only. STS-41-B was the tenth NASA Space
Shuttle mission and the fourth flight of the Space Shuttle
Challenger. It launched on February 3, 1984, and landed on
February 11 after deploying two communications satellites.
Following STS-9, the flight numbering system for the Space Shuttle
program was changed. Thus, the next flight, instead of being
designated STS-11, became STS-41-B; the original successor to
STS-9, STS-10, was cancelled due to payload delays. This was done
due to fears that a flight numbered STS-13 could suffer a mishap
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